Libraries and Open Access
圖書館和開放近用
Libraries aim to ensure free access to global knowledge for all citizens, and particularly to education, science and scholarship. In order
to achieve this they obtain a selection of the academically relevant publications and store them for future use and unrestricted access.
This selection reflects the plurality and diversity of science, scholarship and society, and is in accordance with the specific needs of its current and future users.
圖書館致力於確保所有的人可以免費使用全球性的知識，尤其是教育、科學和學問。為了達成這個理想，他們得到了有關學術上選集出版品，為了未來能夠使用，就把它們保存且無限制的使用。這些選集反映出科學的多重性和多樣性、學識和社會，且符合現代特殊的需求和未來的使用者。
Traditional free access to printed books: The library purchases the book with a one-off payment, and the reader can then borrow it for free and as many times as desired. The library stores it for further use. This is economical and effective. Other printed materials such as articles
in academic journals are used within the library, or copies are made for research work at home. If students and scientists need specific
literature it can be ordered from other libraries through electronic catalogues with Internet library tickets. All in all, a simple system.
傳統免費使用印刷書籍：圖書館僅一次付款來購買書，而且讀者可以免費的借閱很多次來滿足需求。圖書館為了做更進一步的使用而儲藏書，這是節省且有效的。其他印刷資料像是學術性期刊上的文章在圖書館被拿來使用，或是抄本在家裡被拿去研究工作。如果學生和科學家需要特別的圖書資料，它可以從其他圖書館的電子目錄裡使用網路圖書館的票來訂購。總而言之，一個簡明的系統。
This has changed. Besides printed publications, libraries now buy content in the form of e-books and electronic journals. In contrast to printed books, these may not be stored in the library permanently and made available to users over and over again. Libraries can only provide
access within the library or on a university campus as long as they pay the licence fee regularly. Readers are allowed to‘borrow’e-books by downloading them from the Web. They can then be used for a limited amount of time until they automatically become unusable.
這個已經有了改變，除了印刷出版品之外，圖書館現在購買的內容是跟電子書和電子期刊有關的形式。比較印刷書籍，這些可能不用長久地儲存在圖書館裡，而且使用者可以再三的使用。只要他們定期付許可使用的費用，圖書館就可以提供開放使用在圖書館裡或者是在大學的校園內。允許讀者可藉由從網路上下載來借電子書。然後他們就可以在一段限定的時間使用，直到他們自動變得不能再使用。
Students want to be able to electronically access academic literature that they cannot obtain on the spot, or they want to receive it via email. The quick and efficient delivery system of libraries for printed works will be severely impaired by the impending copyright for electronic
publications. Libraries want to see a change in this area: it has to become possible to make electronic publications available to users in the same way as printed works are.
學生想要能夠透過電子的方法來使用學術性的文獻，他們在這個場合不能獲得，或是經由電子信件得到他們想要的。為了印刷的工作，圖書館又快又有效率的傳遞系統將會為了電子出版品而嚴重損害著作權。圖書館想要去看到在這個方面上能夠有所改變：他已經變成可能會讓使用者可以用同樣的方式去得到電子出版品，就像印刷工作一樣。
Licences have suddenly become vastly more expensive. Many university libraries are thus no longer able to obtain them to a sufficient degree
in order to supply their scientists and scholars. Some licences are not even offered to them in the first place because the publisher has set
up an exclusive, fee-based direct system. A breakthrough for selected academic literature only has been made through national licences, which are free of charge for academic institutions, and are obtained with the support of the German Research Foundation. However, they cover nowhere near all of the relevant areas and publications. Many important electronic full-text databases for the natural sciences, technology and medicine are extremely expensive and so scientists with a small budget can no longer afford access to current knowledge.
認證忽然變得很貴，為了提供他們的科學家和學者，很多大學圖書館因此不再能夠以充足的程度去得到它們。因為出版商建立了獨家經營的項目和基本費用的管理系統，甚至有些認證第一步就不提供給他們。突破性發展為了選上等的學術文學作品只有憑藉國家的許可，自由的向學術機關收費和得到德國研究機構的支持。然而，它們遍及任何地方和接近全部有關的區域及出版品。很多重要的電子全文資料庫因為自然科學和醫學的資料庫很貴，所以科學家有少的經費可以不用再提供使用現今的知識。
It is beyond comprehension that access to publicly-funded research results is re-purchased with public funds. Libraries no longer want access to the scientific results of their own university through expensive licences: they are demanding Open Access to these works. They also want to store them for permanent availability. For this reason they are setting up their own digital repositories in their universities and institutes. The result is a growing collection of electronic academic publications by university members, which are enriched with further Open Access materials.
這是無法理解使用公眾基金研究的結果是用公共的資金重新購買。圖書館不想要再使用自己大學的科學成果因為昂貴的認證：他們是要求開放近用這些作品。他們也希望能永久可用性而去儲存它們。為了這個原因他們正在大學和研究所建立他們自己的數位貯藏庫。結果是藉由大學生不斷增加電子學術出版物，這是更進一步豐富了開放近用資料。
From both a German and an international perspective, Open Access is necessary in order to overcome the digital divide in our society.
The December 2003 declaration of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) on Open Access (IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation http://www.ifla.org/V/cdoc/open-access04.html) points to the significance of the global network of services provided by libraries to ensure access to scientific literature from the past, present and future. Libraries guarantee this access permanently through electronic long-term archiving and help users find and access these materials.
來自德國和國際的觀點，開放近用是必要的，為了克服數位分享在我們的社會上。
2003年12月，國際圖書館協會聯合會和機構聲明在開放近用上表明全球網路服務提供，藉由圖書館去確保可以從過去、現在和未來使用科學文獻的重要性。圖書館保證藉由電子長期存檔可永久使用和幫助使用者找到並使用這些資料。
Open Access allows libraries to make academically relevant publications available in a lasting manner and at any time. Libraries are working
towards this development. It is their contribution to education, research and science and their way of ensuring that everyone can participate
in global knowledge.
開放近用允許圖書館去使學術上有關出版品在任何時間以持久的方式得到。圖書館工作為實現這一發展。這是他們對教育、研究和科學的貢獻並且以他們的方式確保每個人都可以分享全世界的知識。
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