館藏發展筆記十二(97年12月23日)

作業4-4

APPENDIX 1 WLN/OCLC CONSPECTUS DIVISIONS
附錄1 WLN/OCLC概觀分配
Division(區域) Prefix LC Prefix Dewey
AGRICULTURE AGR AGD
(農業學)
ANTHROPOLOGY ANT AND
(人類學)
ART & ARCHITECTURE ART ARD
(藝術與建築學)
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES BIO BID
(生物科學)
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ECO BUD
(商業與經濟學)
CHEMISTRY CHE CHD
(化學)
COMPUTER SCIENCE COM CSD
(電腦科學)
EDUCATION EDU EDD
(教育學)
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY TEC END
(工程與工藝學)
GEOGRAPHY & EARTH SCIENCE GEO GED
(地理與地球科學)
HISTORY & AUXILIARY SCIENCES HIS HID
(歷史與輔助學)
LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE LLL LAD
(語言和文學)
LAW LAW DLA
(法學)
LIBRARY SCIENCE LIS DLS
(圖書館學)
MATHEMATICS MAT MAD
(數學)
MEDICINE MED DME
(醫學)
MUSIC MUS MUD
(音樂)
PERFORMING ARTS PER PED
(表演藝術)
PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION PAR PHD
(哲學與宗教)
PHYSICAL EDUCATION & RECREATION PHR DPH
(體育與休閒)
PHYSICAL SCIENCES PHY PUD
(物理科學)
POLITICAL SCIENCE POL POD
(政治學)
PSYCHOLOGY PSY PSD
(心理學)
SOCIOLOGY SOC SOD
(社會學)


APPENDIX 2
CONSPECTUS COLLECTION DEPTH INDICATOR DEFINITIONS
附錄2 館藏概觀深度指標定義

The following revised Conspectus collection depth indicator definitions were developed in 1996 and early 1997 under the auspices of the Association of Research Libraries with the help of WLN (Western Library Network). More than 30 active Conspectus users from the United States and abroad worked together to update the original language in a way that would improve the use of the definitions without diminishing the value of assessments that had employed the original definitions.
下列修訂館藏概觀深度指標定義是在研究圖書館的聯盟主辦之下還有藉由西方圖書館網路的幫助，發展於1996年和1997年早期。超過30名積極的概觀使用者來自美國和國外一起工作，用一種方法去更新原始的語言，那將會改善使用定義而沒有採用原始的定義來減少評估價值。

The revised definitions are the result of a conscious attempt to make them uniformly applicable to all subjects. Consequently, the definitions are generic. Supplemental guidelines have been and should continue to be developed to communicate common sets of understanding about the definitions within the context of a particular subject or area, e.g., fiction, children’s literature, architecture, etc.
修訂的定義是由於有意識地試圖使它們一致適用於所有的主題。因此，定義對所有主題來講是通用的。補充的指導方針應該繼續發展來傳達共同關於定義範圍內的某個特定的主題或領域，例如：小說、兒童文學、建築等等

The revised definitions also reflect the need to deal more adequately with non-print and electronic forms of information and access/ownership issues in collection development.
修訂過的定義也反映出需要更充分地處理非印刷和電子形式的資訊和使用/所有權的問題在館藏發展上。

For topics requiring information in non-print formats at the Basic Information level and beyond, it is assumed that appropriate visual, aural and other materials will also be collected, e.g., dance, music, etc. To determine the appropriate collecting levels for topics in which non-print resources are essential, add the phrase "appropriate non-print media" to the line detailing the collecting of monographs and reference works. For example, Basic Information Level for a music collection would include "a limited collection of monographs, reference works and appropriate non-print media materials."
為了主題的需求，非印刷形式的資料在基本的資訊標準範圍內或是超越範圍，假定適當的視覺、聽覺和其他資料也將被收集，如舞蹈、音樂等等。要決定適當的館藏標準，其中非印刷資源是不可缺少的，加上"適當的非印刷媒體"詳細的收集專著和參考工作的方法。例如：為了音樂館藏基本的資訊標準將包括"有限的專著收集、參考工作和適當的非印刷媒體的資料。"

Relevant electronic resources are equivalent to print materials at any level as long as the policies and procedures for their use permit at least an equivalent information-gathering experience. Electronic journals, whether remotely or locally stored, are equivalent to print journals if
1. access to the electronic resources is at least equal to the print product;
2. there is access to a sufficient number of terminals; and
3. the information comes at no additional cost to the patron.
只要政策和程序為了使用，允許至少一個相當於資訊收集的經驗，在任何級別中有關電子資源都相當於印刷材料。電子期刊，無論是遠距離或本地收藏，都相當於印刷期刊，如果：
1. 使用電子資源至少與印刷品相等;
2. 有足夠的終端數量來供使用者使用;和
3. 使用贊助者的資訊不需要額外的花費。

Similarly, a full text electronic archive of monographs, periodicals, images, etc., whether loaded locally or accessed over the Internet, is also equal to the original format if patron access and cost are equal or superior.
同樣地，全文電子專著的檔案、期刊、圖像等等，不論是本地來負擔或開放近用遍佈在網路上，也相當於原來的格式，如果贊助使用和成本費用是相等的或者是更高。

Document delivery services that are not instantaneous are not the same as those providing immediate availability on-site or electronically. The Conspectus measures resources owned by a library and its branches, if any, or those resources that are immediately accessible. The Conspectus does not measure what is obtained on a delayed basis from another library system or vendor, whether the delay is 10 hours or 10 days. Nonetheless, Conspectus users should feel free to provide details in the Notes Field about library user services which supplement but do not replace the library’s owned resources.文獻傳遞服務不是即時的，也不同於馬上提供線上可利用的，或是透過電子的方式。概觀資源的擁有是藉由圖書館或是其分部，如果有的話，這些資源可以立即獲得。該概論並不從其他圖書館系統或供應商衡量什麼是存在一個延遲的準則，是否延遲10小時或10天。儘管如此，概觀使用者應在需注意的地方中免費提供關於圖書館使用者服務的補充說明，但不是取代圖書館所擁有的資源。

館藏發展筆記十一(97年12月16日)

作業4-3

E. Collection evaluation methods
館藏評價方法
The techniques and processes used to gather data for collection assessment are briefly described below. The data ideally describe in a succinct fashion the strength and depth of existing collections and provide a basis on which to assign collection levels.
館藏評估的方法和步驟用於收集資料的簡要說明如下。理想的資料描述在一個簡潔的方式、現存館藏的強度和深度和提供一個基礎去分配館藏的標準。
Some techniques are essential and should be used consistently, while others are valuable under certain circumstances and not always necessary. It is up to the individual conducting the evaluation to select the methods, which will be used for each segment of the collection. This decision is based upon the availability of data, the amount of staff and other support available, and the goal for the final outcome (how it will be used in the library/institution). The techniques available for evaluating collections may be divided into two groups: those that are primarily collection-centered and those that are client-centered. Collection-centered techniques examine the content and characteristics of the information resources in order to determine the size, age, scope and depth of the collection in comparison to an external standard. Client-centered techniques describe how the collection is used and indicate the effectiveness of the collection relative to use. Collection assessment is likely to be most accurate and produce the most useful results when combinations of client-centered and collection-centered techniques, including both quantitative and qualitative results are employed in the data gathering and description process.
有些方法是不可或缺的而且應該一貫地使用，雖然另一些在某些情況下是寶貴的，且不總是必要的。它相當於個別的處理、選擇評估的方法，將會用於每個部分的館藏。這個決定是以可利用的資料、工作人員和其他提供可用的，以及為了最後結果的目標為基礎(如何將它用於圖書館/機構)。可用於評估館藏的方法可分為兩類：那些主要是以館藏為中心和以使用者為中心。以館藏為中心的方法，審查內容和獨特的資訊資源，為了確定大小、年齡、範圍和館藏的深度來跟外面的標準做比較。以使用者為中心的方法描述了如何使用館藏和指出館藏有效的相關使用。館藏評估很可能是最準確和產生最有用的結果，當結合了以使用者為中心和以館藏為中心的方法，包括量和質的結果是從事於資料收集和描述過程。
- Quantitative Measures
Quantitative measures reveal size, age, use, costs and other numeric data. Examples of quantitative measures include inventory, or shelf list measures to determine actual title or volume counts, by segment or subject area. Median age or similar measures indicate the currency of the materials. Amount expended for acquisitions in a segment or subject area per year illustrates the ongoing commitment to develop that area. Percentage of titles owned by a
library when compared to a standard list shows the breadth and depth of the collection. Use statistics (including internal library use and ILL) are both collection and client-centered.
量的測量
量的測量顯示出大小、年齡、使用、費用和其他數字的資料。測量的例子包括存貨，或架子上名單的計量，以確定實際名稱或卷數，藉由部分或主題領域。中間的年齡或類似的測量表明了材料的流通。為了獲得每年花費在部分或主題領域，說明了不斷致力於開發這個領域。部分的所有權是圖書館擁有的，當跟一個標準的目錄比較，顯示館藏的廣度和深度。使用統計(包括內部使用和圖書館館際互借)都收集和以使用者為中心。
- Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures are obtained through subjective evaluation and involve the professional judgment of librarians, appraisal from subject experts, or the opinion of customers. These techniques include impressions of the condition, character and appropriateness of a section of the collection. Another qualitative technique is the judgment made by comparison of one subject in the collection to a similar subject in another library, or to a subject bibliography.
質的測量
質的測量透過主觀評價和涉及專業判斷的圖書館館員，學科專家的評價，或是使用者的意見。這些方法包括環境的影響、特性和適合的部分館藏。另一個定質的方法是跟另一個圖書館在館藏內的學科中，比較相似的主題後所得到評價，或是跟一個主題書目來做比較。

F. Collection depth indicators
The collection depth indicators, or levels, are numerical values used to describe a library’s collecting activity and goals. Three aspects of collection management are considered: current collection level, acquisition commitment, and collection goal.
館藏深度指標
館藏深度指標或標準是數值，用來描述一個圖書館的館藏活動和目標。三個方面的館藏管理被認為是：目前的館藏標準、收購保證和館藏目標。
Collection depth indicator definitions (see Appendix 2):
館藏深度指標的定義(見附錄2)：
0 = out of scope
1 = minimal information level
2 = basic information level
3 = study or instructional support level
4 = research level
5 = comprehensive level
0 = 超過範圍
1 = 最低資料標準
2 = 基本的資料標準
3 = 研究或教學的支持標準
4 = 研究標準
5 = 綜合標準

G. Language codes (RLG)
E: English language material predominates; little or no foreign language material is in the collection.
F: Selected foreign language material included in addition to the English material.
W: Wide selection of material in all applicable languages. No programmatic decision is made to restrict materials according to language.
Y: Material is primarily in one foreign language. The overall focus is on collecting material in the vernacular of the area.
語言代碼(RLG)
E：英語資料佔優勢；館藏中很少或根本沒有外國語言的資料。
F：選擇包括國外的語言資料除了英文資料之外。
W：種類繁多的資料在所有適用的語言中。沒有作出有計劃的決定，依據語言去限制資料。
Y：資料主要是在一門外國的語言。全部的重點則是在本地的館藏資料。

H. Language codes (WLN)
P: Primary language of the country predominates --- little or no other language material
S: Selected other language material included in addition to the primary language
W: Wide selection of languages represented
X: Material is mainly in one language other than the primary language of the library and country
語言代碼(WLN)
P：主要語言的國家佔主導地位---很少或根本沒有其他語言的資料
S：選擇包括其他語言資料除了主要的語言
W：廣泛選擇代表的語言
X：資料主要是用一種語言，除了圖書館和國家主要的語言

I. Policy implementation and revision timetables
政策的執行和修訂時間表
This describes the process for implementation, timetable for revision and other official adoption issues and introduces the notion of control.
這描述執行的過程，修訂的時間表和其他正式通過的議題，並介紹控制的概念。
Control
•Check the regular and pertinent application of the collection development policy on future acquisitions
•Call into question standing orders and subscriptions; thus apply retrospectively current policy standards on existing collections and relegate documents not fulfilling updated objectives.
控制
•定期檢查和相關應用的館藏發展政策在未來的收購上
•質疑長期訂購和訂閱，因此適用於追溯現行政策標準對現有的館藏和淘汰文件沒有實現更新的目標。
Revision
•Re-examine the policy text at a frequency to be determined in order to detect insufficiencies and integrate new needs or recent modifications such as budget cuts, new curricula, etc.
修訂
•重新檢查政策主題的頻率來確定，為了找出哪裡不適當，並結合新的需求或是最近的修改，如削減預算、新的課程等等。

開放近用資訊筆記十(97年12月11日)

Libraries and Open Access
圖書館和開放近用

Libraries aim to ensure free access to global knowledge for all citizens, and particularly to education, science and scholarship. In order
to achieve this they obtain a selection of the academically relevant publications and store them for future use and unrestricted access.
This selection reflects the plurality and diversity of science, scholarship and society, and is in accordance with the specific needs of its current and future users.
圖書館致力於確保所有的人可以免費使用全球性的知識，尤其是教育、科學和學問。為了達成這個理想，他們得到了有關學術上選集出版品，為了未來能夠使用，就把它們保存且無限制的使用。這些選集反映出科學的多重性和多樣性、學識和社會，且符合現代特殊的需求和未來的使用者。

Traditional free access to printed books: The library purchases the book with a one-off payment, and the reader can then borrow it for free and as many times as desired. The library stores it for further use. This is economical and effective. Other printed materials such as articles
in academic journals are used within the library, or copies are made for research work at home. If students and scientists need specific
literature it can be ordered from other libraries through electronic catalogues with Internet library tickets. All in all, a simple system.
傳統免費使用印刷書籍：圖書館僅一次付款來購買書，而且讀者可以免費的借閱很多次來滿足需求。圖書館為了做更進一步的使用而儲藏書，這是節省且有效的。其他印刷資料像是學術性期刊上的文章在圖書館被拿來使用，或是抄本在家裡被拿去研究工作。如果學生和科學家需要特別的圖書資料，它可以從其他圖書館的電子目錄裡使用網路圖書館的票來訂購。總而言之，一個簡明的系統。

This has changed. Besides printed publications, libraries now buy content in the form of e-books and electronic journals. In contrast to printed books, these may not be stored in the library permanently and made available to users over and over again. Libraries can only provide
access within the library or on a university campus as long as they pay the licence fee regularly. Readers are allowed to‘borrow’e-books by downloading them from the Web. They can then be used for a limited amount of time until they automatically become unusable.
這個已經有了改變，除了印刷出版品之外，圖書館現在購買的內容是跟電子書和電子期刊有關的形式。比較印刷書籍，這些可能不用長久地儲存在圖書館裡，而且使用者可以再三的使用。只要他們定期付許可使用的費用，圖書館就可以提供開放使用在圖書館裡或者是在大學的校園內。允許讀者可藉由從網路上下載來借電子書。然後他們就可以在一段限定的時間使用，直到他們自動變得不能再使用。

Students want to be able to electronically access academic literature that they cannot obtain on the spot, or they want to receive it via email. The quick and efficient delivery system of libraries for printed works will be severely impaired by the impending copyright for electronic
publications. Libraries want to see a change in this area: it has to become possible to make electronic publications available to users in the same way as printed works are.
學生想要能夠透過電子的方法來使用學術性的文獻，他們在這個場合不能獲得，或是經由電子信件得到他們想要的。為了印刷的工作，圖書館又快又有效率的傳遞系統將會為了電子出版品而嚴重損害著作權。圖書館想要去看到在這個方面上能夠有所改變：他已經變成可能會讓使用者可以用同樣的方式去得到電子出版品，就像印刷工作一樣。

Licences have suddenly become vastly more expensive. Many university libraries are thus no longer able to obtain them to a sufficient degree
in order to supply their scientists and scholars. Some licences are not even offered to them in the first place because the publisher has set
up an exclusive, fee-based direct system. A breakthrough for selected academic literature only has been made through national licences, which are free of charge for academic institutions, and are obtained with the support of the German Research Foundation. However, they cover nowhere near all of the relevant areas and publications. Many important electronic full-text databases for the natural sciences, technology and medicine are extremely expensive and so scientists with a small budget can no longer afford access to current knowledge.
認證忽然變得很貴，為了提供他們的科學家和學者，很多大學圖書館因此不再能夠以充足的程度去得到它們。因為出版商建立了獨家經營的項目和基本費用的管理系統，甚至有些認證第一步就不提供給他們。突破性發展為了選上等的學術文學作品只有憑藉國家的許可，自由的向學術機關收費和得到德國研究機構的支持。然而，它們遍及任何地方和接近全部有關的區域及出版品。很多重要的電子全文資料庫因為自然科學和醫學的資料庫很貴，所以科學家有少的經費可以不用再提供使用現今的知識。

It is beyond comprehension that access to publicly-funded research results is re-purchased with public funds. Libraries no longer want access to the scientific results of their own university through expensive licences: they are demanding Open Access to these works. They also want to store them for permanent availability. For this reason they are setting up their own digital repositories in their universities and institutes. The result is a growing collection of electronic academic publications by university members, which are enriched with further Open Access materials.
這是無法理解使用公眾基金研究的結果是用公共的資金重新購買。圖書館不想要再使用自己大學的科學成果因為昂貴的認證：他們是要求開放近用這些作品。他們也希望能永久可用性而去儲存它們。為了這個原因他們正在大學和研究所建立他們自己的數位貯藏庫。結果是藉由大學生不斷增加電子學術出版物，這是更進一步豐富了開放近用資料。

From both a German and an international perspective, Open Access is necessary in order to overcome the digital divide in our society.
The December 2003 declaration of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) on Open Access (IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation http://www.ifla.org/V/cdoc/open-access04.html) points to the significance of the global network of services provided by libraries to ensure access to scientific literature from the past, present and future. Libraries guarantee this access permanently through electronic long-term archiving and help users find and access these materials.
來自德國和國際的觀點，開放近用是必要的，為了克服數位分享在我們的社會上。
2003年12月，國際圖書館協會聯合會和機構聲明在開放近用上表明全球網路服務提供，藉由圖書館去確保可以從過去、現在和未來使用科學文獻的重要性。圖書館保證藉由電子長期存檔可永久使用和幫助使用者找到並使用這些資料。

Open Access allows libraries to make academically relevant publications available in a lasting manner and at any time. Libraries are working
towards this development. It is their contribution to education, research and science and their way of ensuring that everyone can participate
in global knowledge.
開放近用允許圖書館去使學術上有關出版品在任何時間以持久的方式得到。圖書館工作為實現這一發展。這是他們對教育、研究和科學的貢獻並且以他們的方式確保每個人都可以分享全世界的知識。

館藏發展筆記十(97年12月9日)

作業4-2
COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT POLICY ELEMENTS
館藏發展政策要素

A. Introduction
The main reason to write a collection development policy is to prevent the library from being driven by events or by individual enthusiasms and from purchasing a random set of resources, which may not support the mission of the library. Besides, electronic resources are becoming increasingly important to libraries of all types and sizes, and are consuming an ever-increasing share of library budgets. Therefore, selection decisions concerning electronic information resources should also be made within an explicit collection development policy. This might be a separate policy or an integrated one.
寫館藏發展政策最主要的原因是為了防止圖書館從事件中被駕馭或藉由個別的熱情和從購買一套隨機的資源中，這些都可能不支持圖書館的任務。此外，電子資源變得越來越重要，對圖書館的所有類型和形式，以及總是消費越來越多圖書館部分的預算。因此，選擇決定關於電子資訊資源也應做出明確的館藏發展政策。這可能是一個獨立的政策或完整裡面的其中之一。
The first elements of a collection development policy will be a mission statement of the library, the purpose of this policy and the audience to whom it is addressed. It should also include brief statements about the community or user group(s); description of the types of programs the library collection serves; the size (including number of periodicals, monographic volumes, electronic resources, languages represented) of the collection; a detailed budgetary overview of the money the library will spend on the different types of information resources; and any formal or informal cooperative agreements that affect the collection policy or practices.
館藏發展政策的第一要素將是一個圖書館使命的聲明，政策的目的是滿足觀眾。
它也應該包括對社會或使用群簡略的說明，描述圖書館服務的類型和計劃，
館藏的規模(包括一些期刊，專題冊，電子資源，語言代表)，一份詳細預算的概觀資金，圖書館將花費在不同類型的資訊資源，和任何正式或非正式的合作協議影響館藏的政策或做法。

B. General Statements
Here will be listed characteristics that determine the direction of the development of the
collection such as: current focus only or also retrospective acquisitions; the resource types(monographs, periodicals, theses, gray literature, maps, etc.); languages; formats (printed, nonprint or electronic); special sources of funding (a grant or gift from a donor); the policy regarding gifts and any special policies regarding maintenance (weeding, discarding, preservation) of the collection; and size of the collections. Other statements can be about how complaints are handled; if there is an equivalent to the "Library Bill of Rights"; about other relevant policies; what limitations exist - what subjects or areas are intentionally not collected etc.
這裡將會列出特點來確定館藏發展的方向，像是：目前的重點也只有或是追溯獲得，資源類型(專著、期刊、論文、灰色文獻、地圖等)，語言，形式(印刷、非印刷或電子)，資金的特殊來源(贈款或饋贈捐助)，政策有關的禮物和任何特殊政策有關維持館藏(淘汰，丟棄，保存)，和館藏的規模的大小。其他說明可以關於如何處理投訴，如果有一個相當於“圖書館人權法案”，關於其他相關政策，存在什麼限制，什麼科目或領域是故意不收集的等。

C. Narrative Statements
Each institution, including its community and other constituents, is unique. Therefore, its policy statements will be unique. The policy statements should reflect this particular library and the community it serves.
•Statements should be made of special subject or format collections that represent unique
materials and for which special guidelines apply, and which formats are excluded.
•The scope of coverage should be described (languages collected or excluded; geographical areas covered and/or specific areas excluded; chronological periods covered by the collection in terms of intellectual content and in terms of publication dates and specific periods excluded).
•Subjects should be described in terms of the library’s classification scheme and subject descriptors.
•Library unit or selector responsible for the collection(s).
•Other categories of useful local information, such as interdisciplinary relationships;
consortial relationships; policies for acquiring access to information.
•Other factors of local importance.
每個機構，包括其共有和其他要素是獨一無二的。因此，其政策聲明將是獨一無二的。該政策聲明應該反映這一種特定的圖書館和社區服務。
•聲明應該做出特別的主題或形式的收集，代表獨特的資料和特殊指引適用，而且格式都被排除在外。
•覆蓋的範圍應該予以描述(語文收集或排除在外，涵蓋的地理區域和/或特定領域排除在外，順序時期所包含藉由館藏，由知識內容和方面的出版日期和特殊時期的觀點排除在外)。
•學科應該由圖書館的分類辦法和主題描述的觀點來描述。
•圖書館的單位或選擇作為館藏收集的原因。
•其他有用的本地資訊種類，像是跨學科的關係，聯盟的關係，政策為了獲得使用資訊。
•其他當地重要性的因素。

D. Subject Profiles
This section of the policy is based upon collection assessment (also referred to as collection evaluation) and needs periodic updating to reflect progress towards goals or goal revision due to changing circumstances. The preferred presentation is a set of conspectus reports, which include all appropriate collection information. Conspectus means an overview or summary of collection strength and collecting intensities – arranged by subject, classification scheme, or combination of either, and containing standardized codes for collection or collecting levels and languages of materials collected. Such a conspectus is a synopsis of a library’s collection or of a consortium’s or network’s coordinated collection development overview or policy. The first conspectus was developed by the Research Libraries Group (RLG) and was subsequently adapted by other groups such as the WLN (Western Library Network). The information should be provided for each conspectus division (24), category (500) and subject (4000) evaluated by the library. See the Appendix for the list of the 24 Conspectus Divisions.
本節的政策是以館藏的評估為基礎上(也稱為館藏評價)，需要定期更新去反映進展情況的目標或目標修訂由於不斷變化的情況。更好的介紹是一套概論報告，其中包括所有適當的館藏資訊。概論意指收集強度和收集強度的概括或總結，安排的主題，分類計劃，或組合中的任一個，並包含館藏標準化的代碼或收集水平和語言的材料收集。這樣的概論是一個圖書館或聯合的館藏概要或網絡的協調館藏發展的概述或政策。第一概論的成熟是藉由研究圖書館團體，並隨後作出修改的其他群體，如WLN(西部圖書館網絡)。資訊應該提供給每個概論分配(24)，類別(500)和主題(4000)評價藉由圖書館。見附錄名單中的24個概論分配。
The assessment is achieved by a number of steps which include planning, gathering data, assigning collection depth indicators (or levels) and language codes. This information is used to manage the library's resources and to make other decisions relevant to the general operations.評估的完成藉由一系列步驟，其中包括規劃收集資料，指定館藏深入指標(或水平)和語言代碼。此資訊是用來管理圖書館的資源和作出與其他決定有關一般的經營。

開放近用資訊筆記九(97年12月4日)

花了兩個小時，查了28個單字

這是無法理解接近使用公眾基金研究的結果是用公共的資金重新購買。圖書館不再想要使用自己大學的科學成果因為昂貴的許可證：他們是要求開放近用這些作品。他們也希望能永久可用性而去儲存它們。為了這個原因他們正在大學和研究所建立他們自己的數位貯藏庫。結果是藉由大學生不斷增加電子學術出版物，這是更進一步豐富了開放近用資料。

來自德國和國際的觀點，開放近用是必要的，為了克服數位分享在我們的社會上。2003年12月，國際圖書館協會聯合會和機構聲明在開放近用上表明全球網路服務提供，藉由圖書館去確保可以從過去、現在和未來使用科學文獻的重要性。圖書館保證這使用永久藉由電子長期存檔並幫助使用者找到並使用這些資料。

開放近用允許圖書館去使學術上有關出版品在任何時間以持久的方式得到。圖書館工作為實現這一發展。這是他們對教育、研究和科學的貢獻並且以他們的方式確保每個人都可以分享全世界的知識。

館藏發展筆記九(97年12月2日)

這個禮拜老師叫我們翻譯了多樣性的館藏發展解讀圖書館權利法案的這篇文章，老師為了確認我們到底有沒有真正去讀、去了解文章裡面在講什麼，點了幾位同學站起來回答問題，最後還考了一個問題來測驗我們有沒有注意聽講。雖然我的英文能力不是很好，但是我發現只要慢慢累積自己的閱讀英文文章的經驗，還是可以聚沙成塔、積少成多，英文能力自然也就會慢慢進步了。

以下是我所翻譯整理過後的文章：

Diversity in Collection Development
An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights
多樣性的館藏發展解讀圖書館權利法案

Collection development should reflect the philosophy inherent in Article II of the Library Bill of Rights:“Libraries should provide materials and information presenting all points of view on current and historical issues. Materials should not be proscribed or removed because of partisan or doctrinal disapproval.” Library collections must represent the diversity of people and ideas in our society. There are many complex facets to any issue, and many contexts in which issues may be expressed, discussed, or interpreted. Librarians have an obligation to select and support access to materials and resources on all subjects that meet, as closely as possible, the needs, interests, and abilities of all persons in the community the library serves.
館藏發展應反映哲學固有的第二條圖書館權利法案：圖書館應該提供材料和資訊來呈現所有的觀點對當前和歷史的問題。材料不應該因為黨派或理論不贊成，而被禁止或刪除。圖書館館藏必須代表人們的多樣性和思想在我們的社會。有很多複雜因素的任何問題並且在許多情況下這些問題可能會表示、討論、或解釋。
圖書館館員有責任選擇和支持利用材料和資源在所有主題上，以滿足盡可能密切的需要、利益、和所有人員的能力在社區圖書館服務。

Librarians have a professional responsibility to be inclusive, not exclusive, in collection development and in the provision of interlibrary loan. Access to all materials and resources legally obtainable should be assured to the user, and policies should not unjustly exclude materials and resources even if they are offensive to the librarian or the user. This includes materials and resources that reflect a diversity of political, economic, religious, social, minority, and sexual issues. A balanced collection reflects a diversity of materials and resources, not an equality of numbers.
圖書館館員有專業的責任去包容的，不是排他性的，而是在館藏發展和提供館際互借上。使用所有材料和資源能合法得到應保證給使用者，以及政策不應該受到不公正的排除材料和資源，即使他們對圖書館或使用者是唐突的。這包括材料和資源，反映出各種不同的政治、經濟、宗教、社會、少數民族和性的問題。一種平衡的收集反映了不同的材料和資源，而不是一個平等的數量。

Collection development responsibilities include selecting materials and resources in different formats produced by independent, small and local producers as well as information resources from major producers and distributors. Materials and resources should represent the languages commonly used in the library’s service community and should include formats that meet the needs of users with disabilities.Collection development and the selection of materials and resources should be done according to
professional standards and established selection and review procedures. Librarians may seek to increase user awareness of materials and resources on various social concerns by many means, including, but not limited to, issuing lists of resources, arranging exhibits, and presenting programs.
館藏發展的職責包括藉由獨立的選擇材料和資源在不同的形式下產生，小型和當地生產商以及資訊資源的主要生產商和分銷商。材料和資源應該代表語言中常用的圖書館服務社會，並應包括符合殘疾人這類使用者的需求形式。館藏發展以及選擇的材料和資源應按照專業標準和既定的甄選和審查程序來做。圖書館館員可能設法藉由許多手段來增加用戶對認識材料和資源等各種的社會問題，包括但不限於發放清單的資源、安排展覽，並提出方案。

Over time, individuals, groups, and entities have sought to limit the diversity of library collections. They cite a variety of reasons that include prejudicial language and ideas, political content, economic theory, social philosophies, religious beliefs, sexual content and expression, and other potentially controversial topics. Examples of such censorship may include removing or not selecting materials because they are considered by some as racist or sexist; not purchasing conservative religious materials; not selecting resources about or by minorities because it is thought these groups or interests are not represented in a
community; or not providing information or materials from or about non-mainstream political entities. Librarians have a professional responsibility to be fair, just, and equitable and to give all library users equal protection in guarding against violation of the library patron’s right to read, view, or listen to materials and resources protected by the First Amendment, no matter what the viewpoint of the author, creator, or selector. Librarians have an obligation to protect library collections from removal of materials and resources based on personal bias or prejudice.
隨著時間的推移，個人、團體、企業實體已設法限制多樣性的圖書館收藏。他們列舉的原因有很多，包括有害的語言和思想、政治的內容、經濟理論、社會哲學、宗教信仰、色情內容和言論自由，和其他潛在爭議的話題。例如這些檢查可能包括取消或不選擇材料，因為它們被認為是被一些人視為是種族主義或性別歧視；不購買保守的宗教材料；沒有關於選擇的資源或是由少數人，因為它是以為這些群體或利益是沒有代表了一個社區；或不提供信息或材料從關於對非主流的政治實體中。圖書館館員有專業的責任去公平、公正、平等，給所有圖書館使用者平等的保護，藉由第一修正案防範違反圖書館的權利去讀、去看，或去聽材料和資源的保護，無論什麼作者、創作者或選擇者的觀點。圖書館館員在個人偏見或成見的基礎上有義務從去除的材料和資源保護圖書館藏書。

Intellectual freedom, the essence of equitable library services, provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question, cause, or movement may be explored. Toleration is meaningless without tolerance for what some may consider detestable. Librarians must not permit their own preferences to limit their degree of tolerance in collection development.
知識分子的自由，公平圖書館服務的本質，透過任何及所有兩岸的問題、原因或運動可以被探索的，免費提供使用所有思想的表達。忍受對一些可能會考慮可恨的是毫無意義的寬容。在館藏發展上面，館員絕不能允許因自己的喜好而限制其一定程度的容忍。

我花了四個半小時，總共查了五十四個單字。

心得：由於這篇文章的原文是英文，再加上原本我的英文閱讀能力就不是很好，所以在查單字上面花了不少的時間，等全部翻譯好了以後，因為口語用字上的不同，而造成有些句子翻譯的不是很順暢。不過我還是努力的想要瞭解它的意思，文章大致上是在說在多樣性的館藏發展上，圖書館館員有專業的責任去公平、公正、包容讀者，不能有排他性，給所有圖書館使用者有平等的權利，且圖書館館員有責任選擇和利用材料和資源在所有主題上，以滿足盡可能密切的需要、利益、和所有人員的能力在社區圖書館服務。如果每個圖書館都可以做到這些的話，那麼館藏發展就會更加的完善，也造福了更多的圖書館使用者。

開放近用資訊筆記八(97年11月27日)

柏林洪堡大學圖書資訊學系的彼得·席姆巴哈有提到開放近用 - 簡史：
這項宣言釋出的概念，不僅被德國接受，也傳遍世界。柏林會議已經過去三年了。三年的時間，足夠將此概念，從公眾認知的階段，邁向建設性施行; 換個角度來說，多年來期盼無阻礙地近用學術研究成果，在短短的三年內，有這樣的成就，令人欽慰。長期來看, 這個問題還是複製的技術性障礙; 直到1452年，古騰堡先生發明'活字印刷'後，才在某個程度上，打破此障礙。然而，高品質的在地圖書館，仍是取得學術圈最新見解的障礙; 當然，在出版經濟學裡，還是由供需率決定資訊的傳播。很明顯地，過去的先決條件和實現的機會，排除自由近用學術資訊的問題。
今天的決定性區別，在於把研究成果數位化，然後依使用者的意願，把它們搬到網際網路。自由近用的技術性障礙，已經不存在。它掀起學術傳播史上的最大動盪，學術出版的新文化正在激辯中，其中一個議題是如何安排知識近用。從技術上講，數位化和網際網路創造出一個自由無限制全球近用資訊的先決條件。然而，必須先解決誰來承擔相關的費用，不管什麼形式的出版，都必須有人承擔費用。本書將檢視各種出版的商業模式。
應該指出的是，動盪的學術傳播不僅要求解決經濟問題而已。學術傳播的活動，已經歷數百年之久。現在的動盪規模是不容易應付，幾乎任何改變帶來的，不祗是帶來好處, 也可能帶給自身危機，並且不能立即預見。對開放近用的批評，不僅來自知名的學術出版商，也來自擔心不能依合約獲利的作者。最重要的是，作者可任意上傳研究成果至網際網路，不在意於知名學術期刊發表論文，由出版社建構的評鑑科學和學術績效系統，可能走向崩解之路。