國會圖書館基本的三原則
1.國會議員跟政府官員執行公務用
2.記錄美國公民的生活與成就
3.美國人所關心的其他社會資訊,包括過去和現在累積的
2009年3月27日 星期五
2009年3月15日 星期日
開放近用資訊筆記1(98年3月12日)
免費近用出版品的接受度及散播性
這些簡短的思考, 代表對開放近用出版品接受度和散播性的深層架構:
1.多數人認為開放近用出版品的知名度不足,被開放近用學刊目錄收羅的新學刊,尚未建立其品牌形象。只要已有信譽的付費學刊未轉變為開放近用出版品,自我典藏的'玉律'就有更大的發展空間。但有必要告知學者,他們可以在高排名學刊出版其論文, 然後在其他條件下, 把論文置於典藏所。
2.提供足夠的法律、技術和組織方面的資訊,讓研究人員不需做太大的投資, 就能把自己的研究成果以開放近用方式讓大眾知道。德國研究基金會贊助一個資訊平台 http://www.open-access.net, 對德語研究者提供重要的資訊。
3.不能因為作者無力負擔出版費用, 就讓開放近用出版模式夭折, 贊助單位與研究機構可以把出版費用視為整體研究經費的一部份。漠視出版費用的行為 — 例如,德國研究基金會每年祗給750歐元 — 可以解釋為出版單位的價格政策不夠透明, 研究贊助單位無從據以因應編列經費。如果出版社能將其定價策略解釋清楚,贊助單位更有理由做出果敢的決定, 儘可能地贊助開放近用出版品。在這從這個角度來看,'2007年歐洲學術出版'會議建議設立一個工作小組, 研究價格透明化的議題。
4.必須給予作者法律方面的支持('何種論文可以放在典藏所?'、'如何保障我的作者權益?'),以及技術和組織的支持('如何上傳論文至本大學的伺服器?')。總之,必須傳達一個訊息, 開放近用出版品不能簡化為讀者可以自行使用或編輯它, 祗有作者 — 例如經由特定的授權 — 才有權利決定誰能使用其研究成果、如何使用或基於何等目的。經由設立開放近用出版基礎等適當的建議與支持, 圖書館才能夠加入新的工作項目, 在快速變遷的學術傳播世界裡,重新定位自身的立場。
5.榜樣是至關重要的。如果資深與高度受尊重的科學家和學者將其研究成果在開放近用管道發表,他們的榜樣將鼓勵其他作者,將自己的出版品免費提供。
最後,值得指出的是,部份作者對開放近用持保留態度, 並非因為免費近用的議題。相反地,作者似乎擔心的是電子出版品,而不在意讀者免費或需要授權。許多學者相信,電子出版品的品質低於印刷出版品,並且數位出版品的長期典藏和近用, 仍無保障(註53)。從這裡發現很多不確定性,部份作者面對基本與全面性動亂的學術傳播時, 開放近用僅是眾多選項之一。
這些簡短的思考, 代表對開放近用出版品接受度和散播性的深層架構:
1.多數人認為開放近用出版品的知名度不足,被開放近用學刊目錄收羅的新學刊,尚未建立其品牌形象。只要已有信譽的付費學刊未轉變為開放近用出版品,自我典藏的'玉律'就有更大的發展空間。但有必要告知學者,他們可以在高排名學刊出版其論文, 然後在其他條件下, 把論文置於典藏所。
2.提供足夠的法律、技術和組織方面的資訊,讓研究人員不需做太大的投資, 就能把自己的研究成果以開放近用方式讓大眾知道。德國研究基金會贊助一個資訊平台 http://www.open-access.net, 對德語研究者提供重要的資訊。
3.不能因為作者無力負擔出版費用, 就讓開放近用出版模式夭折, 贊助單位與研究機構可以把出版費用視為整體研究經費的一部份。漠視出版費用的行為 — 例如,德國研究基金會每年祗給750歐元 — 可以解釋為出版單位的價格政策不夠透明, 研究贊助單位無從據以因應編列經費。如果出版社能將其定價策略解釋清楚,贊助單位更有理由做出果敢的決定, 儘可能地贊助開放近用出版品。在這從這個角度來看,'2007年歐洲學術出版'會議建議設立一個工作小組, 研究價格透明化的議題。
4.必須給予作者法律方面的支持('何種論文可以放在典藏所?'、'如何保障我的作者權益?'),以及技術和組織的支持('如何上傳論文至本大學的伺服器?')。總之,必須傳達一個訊息, 開放近用出版品不能簡化為讀者可以自行使用或編輯它, 祗有作者 — 例如經由特定的授權 — 才有權利決定誰能使用其研究成果、如何使用或基於何等目的。經由設立開放近用出版基礎等適當的建議與支持, 圖書館才能夠加入新的工作項目, 在快速變遷的學術傳播世界裡,重新定位自身的立場。
5.榜樣是至關重要的。如果資深與高度受尊重的科學家和學者將其研究成果在開放近用管道發表,他們的榜樣將鼓勵其他作者,將自己的出版品免費提供。
最後,值得指出的是,部份作者對開放近用持保留態度, 並非因為免費近用的議題。相反地,作者似乎擔心的是電子出版品,而不在意讀者免費或需要授權。許多學者相信,電子出版品的品質低於印刷出版品,並且數位出版品的長期典藏和近用, 仍無保障(註53)。從這裡發現很多不確定性,部份作者面對基本與全面性動亂的學術傳播時, 開放近用僅是眾多選項之一。
2009年3月14日 星期六
大學圖書館筆記1(98年3月12日)
今天老師讓我們看了兩則故事,一則是北京國家圖書館的借書記,另一則是圖書館,公共了嗎?。第一則內容是在講北京國家圖書館的任何服務都需要錢,像是辦理讀者卡、閱覽書籍、複印書籍內容、書籍保證金以及存包費(不准帶書刊或包進館)等等。這些事情在我們聽起來都覺得非常的不可思議,可是聽老師說在台灣二十年前的時候也是如此,原因可能很多,例如資金缺乏、人員素質、環境因素等等。所以不用那麼大驚小怪,相信隨著時代的變遷,這些事情一定會有所改善的。
館藏發展筆記1(98年3月10日)
這個禮拜老師帶了我們看美國國會圖書館的館藏發展政策,老師說因為網路工具快速的成長,為了避免跟不上更新速度,所以網路上的美國國會圖書館的館藏發展政策就維持現狀,沒有在繼續的更新。我覺得美國國會圖書館的館藏發展政策可以當作是一個館藏發展政策的標準,提供我們參考以及學習,但是隨著時代的變更,我們也應該要有所改變,畢竟規則是人訂出來的,當然也可以因應環境而推陳出新。
2009年1月5日 星期一
館藏發展筆記十三(97年12月30日)
CONSPECTUS COLLECTION DEPTH INDICATOR DEFINITIONS
館藏概觀深度指標定義
0 Out of Scope.
Library does not intentionally collect materials in any format for this subject.
0.超出範圍
圖書館沒有故意收集任何形式有關這一個主題的資料。
1 Minimal Information Level
Collections that support minimal inquiries about this subject and include:
- A very limited collection of general materials, including monographs and reference works.
- Periodicals directly dealing with this topic and in-depth electronic information resources are not collected.
The collection should be frequently and systematically reviewed for currency of Information. Superseded editions and titles containing outdated information should be withdrawn. Classic or standard retrospective materials may be retained.
1.最小的資料標準
館藏支持最小的問題關於這個學科且包括:
-非常有限的一般館藏資料,包括專著和參考作品。
-期刊直接處理這個主題且深入的電子資源不被收藏。
館藏應該經常且有系統地檢查通用的資料。取代版本和書名中含有過時的資料應該要被撤銷。經典或標準懷舊的資料可以予以保留。
2 Basic Information Level
Collections that serve to introduce and define a subject, to indicate the varieties of information available elsewhere, and to support the needs of general library users through the first two years of college instruction include:
- A limited collection of monographs and reference works.
- A limited collection of representative general periodicals.
- Defined access1 to a limited collection of owned or remotely-accessed electronic bibliographic tools, texts, data sets, journals, etc.
The collection should be frequently and systematically reviewed for currency of information. Superseded editions and titles containing outdated information should be withdrawn. Classic or standard retrospective materials may be retained.
2.基本的資料標準
館藏提供介紹和解釋一個主題,去指出在別處也可用的多樣性資料,並提供一般圖書館使用者的需求,憑藉前兩年的大學教育包括:
-有限的專著和參考作品館藏。
-有限的代表性一般期刊館藏。
-界定使用有限的特有館藏或間接使用的電子書目工具、原文、資料集、期刊等等。
館藏應該經常且有系統地檢查通用的資料。取代版本和書名中含有過時的資料應該要被撤銷。經典或標準懷舊的資料可以予以保留。
3 Study or Instructional Support Level
Collections that provide information about a subject in a systematic way, but at a level of less than research intensity, and support the needs of general library users through college and beginning graduate instruction include:
- An extensive collection of general monographs and reference works and selected specialized monographs and reference works.
- An extensive collection of general periodicals and a representative collection of specialized periodicals.
- Limited collections of appropriate foreign language materials , e.g. foreign language learning materials for non-native speakers or foreign language materials about a topic such as German history in German.
- Extensive collections of the works of well-known authors and selections from the works of lesser-known authors. Defined access to an extensive collection of owned or remotely-accessed electronic resources, including bibliographic tools, texts, data sets, journals, etc.
The collection should be systematically reviewed for currency of information and for assurance that essential and important information is retained, including significant numbers of classic retrospective materials.
3.學習或教學支持標準
館藏用一種有系統的方式提供有關主題的資料,但是在一定的標準下低於研究強度和透過大學提供一般圖書館使用者的需求,和開始包括把指示分層級:
-廣泛的館藏包括一般專著和參考書籍以及精選的專門專著。
-廣泛的館藏包括一般期刊和典型的專門期刊。
-有限適當的外國語言資料館藏,如外語學習資料是為了那些說非自己母語的人或是外語資料等有關這類的主題,像是德國的歷史。
- 豐富的館藏作品包括了著名作家和作品選自於不太知名的作家。界定使用廣泛的特有館藏或間接使用的電子資源,包括電子書目工具、原文、資料集、期刊等等。
館藏應該有系統地檢查通用的資料,和為了確保必要資料可以被保留,包含大量的經典回顧資料。
4 Research Level
A collection that contains the major published source materials required for doctoral study and independent research includes:
- A very extensive collection of general and specialized monographs and reference works.
- A very extensive collection of general and specialized periodicals.
- Extensive collections of appropriate foreign language materials.
- Extensive collections of the works of well-known authors as well as lesser-known authors.
- Defined access to a very extensive collection of owned or remotely accessed electronic resources, including bibliographic tools, texts, data sets, journals, etc.
Older material that is retained and systematically preserved to serve the needs of historical research
4.研究標準
館藏其包含主要的出版來源資料對博士的研究和自主的研究是必要的,其中包括:
- 非常廣泛的一般館藏和專門專著以及參考書籍。
- 非常廣泛的一般館藏和專門期刊。
- 廣泛適當的外國語言資料館藏。
- 豐富的館藏作品包括了著名作家以及不太知名的作家。
- 界定使用廣泛的特有館藏或間接使用的電子資源,包括電子書目工具、原文、資料集、期刊等等。
歷史較悠久的資料是保持和有組織的維護進而提供歷史研究的需要。
5 Comprehensive Level
A collection in a specifically defined field of knowledge that strives to be exhaustive, as far as is reasonably possible (i.e., a "special collection"), in all applicable languages includes:
- Exhaustive collections of published materials.
- Very extensive manuscript collections.
- Very extensive collections in all other pertinent formats.
- A comprehensive level collection may serve as a national or international resource.
5.廣泛的標準
館藏在一個明確界定的知識領域中,努力詳盡、盡可能合理的可能(即“特殊館藏”),在所有適用的語言包括:
- 詳盡的出版資料館藏。
- 非常廣泛的手稿館藏。
- 非常廣泛所有其他相關的格式。- 廣泛的標準館藏可作為國家或國際的資源。
館藏概觀深度指標定義
0 Out of Scope.
Library does not intentionally collect materials in any format for this subject.
0.超出範圍
圖書館沒有故意收集任何形式有關這一個主題的資料。
1 Minimal Information Level
Collections that support minimal inquiries about this subject and include:
- A very limited collection of general materials, including monographs and reference works.
- Periodicals directly dealing with this topic and in-depth electronic information resources are not collected.
The collection should be frequently and systematically reviewed for currency of Information. Superseded editions and titles containing outdated information should be withdrawn. Classic or standard retrospective materials may be retained.
1.最小的資料標準
館藏支持最小的問題關於這個學科且包括:
-非常有限的一般館藏資料,包括專著和參考作品。
-期刊直接處理這個主題且深入的電子資源不被收藏。
館藏應該經常且有系統地檢查通用的資料。取代版本和書名中含有過時的資料應該要被撤銷。經典或標準懷舊的資料可以予以保留。
2 Basic Information Level
Collections that serve to introduce and define a subject, to indicate the varieties of information available elsewhere, and to support the needs of general library users through the first two years of college instruction include:
- A limited collection of monographs and reference works.
- A limited collection of representative general periodicals.
- Defined access1 to a limited collection of owned or remotely-accessed electronic bibliographic tools, texts, data sets, journals, etc.
The collection should be frequently and systematically reviewed for currency of information. Superseded editions and titles containing outdated information should be withdrawn. Classic or standard retrospective materials may be retained.
2.基本的資料標準
館藏提供介紹和解釋一個主題,去指出在別處也可用的多樣性資料,並提供一般圖書館使用者的需求,憑藉前兩年的大學教育包括:
-有限的專著和參考作品館藏。
-有限的代表性一般期刊館藏。
-界定使用有限的特有館藏或間接使用的電子書目工具、原文、資料集、期刊等等。
館藏應該經常且有系統地檢查通用的資料。取代版本和書名中含有過時的資料應該要被撤銷。經典或標準懷舊的資料可以予以保留。
3 Study or Instructional Support Level
Collections that provide information about a subject in a systematic way, but at a level of less than research intensity, and support the needs of general library users through college and beginning graduate instruction include:
- An extensive collection of general monographs and reference works and selected specialized monographs and reference works.
- An extensive collection of general periodicals and a representative collection of specialized periodicals.
- Limited collections of appropriate foreign language materials , e.g. foreign language learning materials for non-native speakers or foreign language materials about a topic such as German history in German.
- Extensive collections of the works of well-known authors and selections from the works of lesser-known authors. Defined access to an extensive collection of owned or remotely-accessed electronic resources, including bibliographic tools, texts, data sets, journals, etc.
The collection should be systematically reviewed for currency of information and for assurance that essential and important information is retained, including significant numbers of classic retrospective materials.
3.學習或教學支持標準
館藏用一種有系統的方式提供有關主題的資料,但是在一定的標準下低於研究強度和透過大學提供一般圖書館使用者的需求,和開始包括把指示分層級:
-廣泛的館藏包括一般專著和參考書籍以及精選的專門專著。
-廣泛的館藏包括一般期刊和典型的專門期刊。
-有限適當的外國語言資料館藏,如外語學習資料是為了那些說非自己母語的人或是外語資料等有關這類的主題,像是德國的歷史。
- 豐富的館藏作品包括了著名作家和作品選自於不太知名的作家。界定使用廣泛的特有館藏或間接使用的電子資源,包括電子書目工具、原文、資料集、期刊等等。
館藏應該有系統地檢查通用的資料,和為了確保必要資料可以被保留,包含大量的經典回顧資料。
4 Research Level
A collection that contains the major published source materials required for doctoral study and independent research includes:
- A very extensive collection of general and specialized monographs and reference works.
- A very extensive collection of general and specialized periodicals.
- Extensive collections of appropriate foreign language materials.
- Extensive collections of the works of well-known authors as well as lesser-known authors.
- Defined access to a very extensive collection of owned or remotely accessed electronic resources, including bibliographic tools, texts, data sets, journals, etc.
Older material that is retained and systematically preserved to serve the needs of historical research
4.研究標準
館藏其包含主要的出版來源資料對博士的研究和自主的研究是必要的,其中包括:
- 非常廣泛的一般館藏和專門專著以及參考書籍。
- 非常廣泛的一般館藏和專門期刊。
- 廣泛適當的外國語言資料館藏。
- 豐富的館藏作品包括了著名作家以及不太知名的作家。
- 界定使用廣泛的特有館藏或間接使用的電子資源,包括電子書目工具、原文、資料集、期刊等等。
歷史較悠久的資料是保持和有組織的維護進而提供歷史研究的需要。
5 Comprehensive Level
A collection in a specifically defined field of knowledge that strives to be exhaustive, as far as is reasonably possible (i.e., a "special collection"), in all applicable languages includes:
- Exhaustive collections of published materials.
- Very extensive manuscript collections.
- Very extensive collections in all other pertinent formats.
- A comprehensive level collection may serve as a national or international resource.
5.廣泛的標準
館藏在一個明確界定的知識領域中,努力詳盡、盡可能合理的可能(即“特殊館藏”),在所有適用的語言包括:
- 詳盡的出版資料館藏。
- 非常廣泛的手稿館藏。
- 非常廣泛所有其他相關的格式。- 廣泛的標準館藏可作為國家或國際的資源。
2008年12月29日 星期一
館藏發展筆記十二(97年12月23日)
作業4-4
APPENDIX 1 WLN/OCLC CONSPECTUS DIVISIONS
附錄1 WLN/OCLC概觀分配
Division(區域) Prefix LC Prefix Dewey
AGRICULTURE AGR AGD
(農業學)
ANTHROPOLOGY ANT AND
(人類學)
ART & ARCHITECTURE ART ARD
(藝術與建築學)
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES BIO BID
(生物科學)
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ECO BUD
(商業與經濟學)
CHEMISTRY CHE CHD
(化學)
COMPUTER SCIENCE COM CSD
(電腦科學)
EDUCATION EDU EDD
(教育學)
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY TEC END
(工程與工藝學)
GEOGRAPHY & EARTH SCIENCE GEO GED
(地理與地球科學)
HISTORY & AUXILIARY SCIENCES HIS HID
(歷史與輔助學)
LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE LLL LAD
(語言和文學)
LAW LAW DLA
(法學)
LIBRARY SCIENCE LIS DLS
(圖書館學)
MATHEMATICS MAT MAD
(數學)
MEDICINE MED DME
(醫學)
MUSIC MUS MUD
(音樂)
PERFORMING ARTS PER PED
(表演藝術)
PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION PAR PHD
(哲學與宗教)
PHYSICAL EDUCATION & RECREATION PHR DPH
(體育與休閒)
PHYSICAL SCIENCES PHY PUD
(物理科學)
POLITICAL SCIENCE POL POD
(政治學)
PSYCHOLOGY PSY PSD
(心理學)
SOCIOLOGY SOC SOD
(社會學)
APPENDIX 2
CONSPECTUS COLLECTION DEPTH INDICATOR DEFINITIONS
附錄2 館藏概觀深度指標定義
The following revised Conspectus collection depth indicator definitions were developed in 1996 and early 1997 under the auspices of the Association of Research Libraries with the help of WLN (Western Library Network). More than 30 active Conspectus users from the United States and abroad worked together to update the original language in a way that would improve the use of the definitions without diminishing the value of assessments that had employed the original definitions.
下列修訂館藏概觀深度指標定義是在研究圖書館的聯盟主辦之下還有藉由西方圖書館網路的幫助,發展於1996年和1997年早期。超過30名積極的概觀使用者來自美國和國外一起工作,用一種方法去更新原始的語言,那將會改善使用定義而沒有採用原始的定義來減少評估價值。
The revised definitions are the result of a conscious attempt to make them uniformly applicable to all subjects. Consequently, the definitions are generic. Supplemental guidelines have been and should continue to be developed to communicate common sets of understanding about the definitions within the context of a particular subject or area, e.g., fiction, children’s literature, architecture, etc.
修訂的定義是由於有意識地試圖使它們一致適用於所有的主題。因此,定義對所有主題來講是通用的。補充的指導方針應該繼續發展來傳達共同關於定義範圍內的某個特定的主題或領域,例如:小說、兒童文學、建築等等
The revised definitions also reflect the need to deal more adequately with non-print and electronic forms of information and access/ownership issues in collection development.
修訂過的定義也反映出需要更充分地處理非印刷和電子形式的資訊和使用/所有權的問題在館藏發展上。
For topics requiring information in non-print formats at the Basic Information level and beyond, it is assumed that appropriate visual, aural and other materials will also be collected, e.g., dance, music, etc. To determine the appropriate collecting levels for topics in which non-print resources are essential, add the phrase "appropriate non-print media" to the line detailing the collecting of monographs and reference works. For example, Basic Information Level for a music collection would include "a limited collection of monographs, reference works and appropriate non-print media materials."
為了主題的需求,非印刷形式的資料在基本的資訊標準範圍內或是超越範圍,假定適當的視覺、聽覺和其他資料也將被收集,如舞蹈、音樂等等。要決定適當的館藏標準,其中非印刷資源是不可缺少的,加上"適當的非印刷媒體"詳細的收集專著和參考工作的方法。例如:為了音樂館藏基本的資訊標準將包括"有限的專著收集、參考工作和適當的非印刷媒體的資料。"
Relevant electronic resources are equivalent to print materials at any level as long as the policies and procedures for their use permit at least an equivalent information-gathering experience. Electronic journals, whether remotely or locally stored, are equivalent to print journals if
1. access to the electronic resources is at least equal to the print product;
2. there is access to a sufficient number of terminals; and
3. the information comes at no additional cost to the patron.
只要政策和程序為了使用,允許至少一個相當於資訊收集的經驗,在任何級別中有關電子資源都相當於印刷材料。電子期刊,無論是遠距離或本地收藏,都相當於印刷期刊,如果:
1. 使用電子資源至少與印刷品相等;
2. 有足夠的終端數量來供使用者使用;和
3. 使用贊助者的資訊不需要額外的花費。
Similarly, a full text electronic archive of monographs, periodicals, images, etc., whether loaded locally or accessed over the Internet, is also equal to the original format if patron access and cost are equal or superior.
同樣地,全文電子專著的檔案、期刊、圖像等等,不論是本地來負擔或開放近用遍佈在網路上,也相當於原來的格式,如果贊助使用和成本費用是相等的或者是更高。
Document delivery services that are not instantaneous are not the same as those providing immediate availability on-site or electronically. The Conspectus measures resources owned by a library and its branches, if any, or those resources that are immediately accessible. The Conspectus does not measure what is obtained on a delayed basis from another library system or vendor, whether the delay is 10 hours or 10 days. Nonetheless, Conspectus users should feel free to provide details in the Notes Field about library user services which supplement but do not replace the library’s owned resources.文獻傳遞服務不是即時的,也不同於馬上提供線上可利用的,或是透過電子的方式。概觀資源的擁有是藉由圖書館或是其分部,如果有的話,這些資源可以立即獲得。該概論並不從其他圖書館系統或供應商衡量什麼是存在一個延遲的準則,是否延遲10小時或10天。儘管如此,概觀使用者應在需注意的地方中免費提供關於圖書館使用者服務的補充說明,但不是取代圖書館所擁有的資源。
APPENDIX 1 WLN/OCLC CONSPECTUS DIVISIONS
附錄1 WLN/OCLC概觀分配
Division(區域) Prefix LC Prefix Dewey
AGRICULTURE AGR AGD
(農業學)
ANTHROPOLOGY ANT AND
(人類學)
ART & ARCHITECTURE ART ARD
(藝術與建築學)
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES BIO BID
(生物科學)
BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ECO BUD
(商業與經濟學)
CHEMISTRY CHE CHD
(化學)
COMPUTER SCIENCE COM CSD
(電腦科學)
EDUCATION EDU EDD
(教育學)
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY TEC END
(工程與工藝學)
GEOGRAPHY & EARTH SCIENCE GEO GED
(地理與地球科學)
HISTORY & AUXILIARY SCIENCES HIS HID
(歷史與輔助學)
LANGUAGE, LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE LLL LAD
(語言和文學)
LAW LAW DLA
(法學)
LIBRARY SCIENCE LIS DLS
(圖書館學)
MATHEMATICS MAT MAD
(數學)
MEDICINE MED DME
(醫學)
MUSIC MUS MUD
(音樂)
PERFORMING ARTS PER PED
(表演藝術)
PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION PAR PHD
(哲學與宗教)
PHYSICAL EDUCATION & RECREATION PHR DPH
(體育與休閒)
PHYSICAL SCIENCES PHY PUD
(物理科學)
POLITICAL SCIENCE POL POD
(政治學)
PSYCHOLOGY PSY PSD
(心理學)
SOCIOLOGY SOC SOD
(社會學)
APPENDIX 2
CONSPECTUS COLLECTION DEPTH INDICATOR DEFINITIONS
附錄2 館藏概觀深度指標定義
The following revised Conspectus collection depth indicator definitions were developed in 1996 and early 1997 under the auspices of the Association of Research Libraries with the help of WLN (Western Library Network). More than 30 active Conspectus users from the United States and abroad worked together to update the original language in a way that would improve the use of the definitions without diminishing the value of assessments that had employed the original definitions.
下列修訂館藏概觀深度指標定義是在研究圖書館的聯盟主辦之下還有藉由西方圖書館網路的幫助,發展於1996年和1997年早期。超過30名積極的概觀使用者來自美國和國外一起工作,用一種方法去更新原始的語言,那將會改善使用定義而沒有採用原始的定義來減少評估價值。
The revised definitions are the result of a conscious attempt to make them uniformly applicable to all subjects. Consequently, the definitions are generic. Supplemental guidelines have been and should continue to be developed to communicate common sets of understanding about the definitions within the context of a particular subject or area, e.g., fiction, children’s literature, architecture, etc.
修訂的定義是由於有意識地試圖使它們一致適用於所有的主題。因此,定義對所有主題來講是通用的。補充的指導方針應該繼續發展來傳達共同關於定義範圍內的某個特定的主題或領域,例如:小說、兒童文學、建築等等
The revised definitions also reflect the need to deal more adequately with non-print and electronic forms of information and access/ownership issues in collection development.
修訂過的定義也反映出需要更充分地處理非印刷和電子形式的資訊和使用/所有權的問題在館藏發展上。
For topics requiring information in non-print formats at the Basic Information level and beyond, it is assumed that appropriate visual, aural and other materials will also be collected, e.g., dance, music, etc. To determine the appropriate collecting levels for topics in which non-print resources are essential, add the phrase "appropriate non-print media" to the line detailing the collecting of monographs and reference works. For example, Basic Information Level for a music collection would include "a limited collection of monographs, reference works and appropriate non-print media materials."
為了主題的需求,非印刷形式的資料在基本的資訊標準範圍內或是超越範圍,假定適當的視覺、聽覺和其他資料也將被收集,如舞蹈、音樂等等。要決定適當的館藏標準,其中非印刷資源是不可缺少的,加上"適當的非印刷媒體"詳細的收集專著和參考工作的方法。例如:為了音樂館藏基本的資訊標準將包括"有限的專著收集、參考工作和適當的非印刷媒體的資料。"
Relevant electronic resources are equivalent to print materials at any level as long as the policies and procedures for their use permit at least an equivalent information-gathering experience. Electronic journals, whether remotely or locally stored, are equivalent to print journals if
1. access to the electronic resources is at least equal to the print product;
2. there is access to a sufficient number of terminals; and
3. the information comes at no additional cost to the patron.
只要政策和程序為了使用,允許至少一個相當於資訊收集的經驗,在任何級別中有關電子資源都相當於印刷材料。電子期刊,無論是遠距離或本地收藏,都相當於印刷期刊,如果:
1. 使用電子資源至少與印刷品相等;
2. 有足夠的終端數量來供使用者使用;和
3. 使用贊助者的資訊不需要額外的花費。
Similarly, a full text electronic archive of monographs, periodicals, images, etc., whether loaded locally or accessed over the Internet, is also equal to the original format if patron access and cost are equal or superior.
同樣地,全文電子專著的檔案、期刊、圖像等等,不論是本地來負擔或開放近用遍佈在網路上,也相當於原來的格式,如果贊助使用和成本費用是相等的或者是更高。
Document delivery services that are not instantaneous are not the same as those providing immediate availability on-site or electronically. The Conspectus measures resources owned by a library and its branches, if any, or those resources that are immediately accessible. The Conspectus does not measure what is obtained on a delayed basis from another library system or vendor, whether the delay is 10 hours or 10 days. Nonetheless, Conspectus users should feel free to provide details in the Notes Field about library user services which supplement but do not replace the library’s owned resources.文獻傳遞服務不是即時的,也不同於馬上提供線上可利用的,或是透過電子的方式。概觀資源的擁有是藉由圖書館或是其分部,如果有的話,這些資源可以立即獲得。該概論並不從其他圖書館系統或供應商衡量什麼是存在一個延遲的準則,是否延遲10小時或10天。儘管如此,概觀使用者應在需注意的地方中免費提供關於圖書館使用者服務的補充說明,但不是取代圖書館所擁有的資源。
2008年12月22日 星期一
館藏發展筆記十一(97年12月16日)
作業4-3
E. Collection evaluation methods
館藏評價方法
The techniques and processes used to gather data for collection assessment are briefly described below. The data ideally describe in a succinct fashion the strength and depth of existing collections and provide a basis on which to assign collection levels.
館藏評估的方法和步驟用於收集資料的簡要說明如下。理想的資料描述在一個簡潔的方式、現存館藏的強度和深度和提供一個基礎去分配館藏的標準。
Some techniques are essential and should be used consistently, while others are valuable under certain circumstances and not always necessary. It is up to the individual conducting the evaluation to select the methods, which will be used for each segment of the collection. This decision is based upon the availability of data, the amount of staff and other support available, and the goal for the final outcome (how it will be used in the library/institution). The techniques available for evaluating collections may be divided into two groups: those that are primarily collection-centered and those that are client-centered. Collection-centered techniques examine the content and characteristics of the information resources in order to determine the size, age, scope and depth of the collection in comparison to an external standard. Client-centered techniques describe how the collection is used and indicate the effectiveness of the collection relative to use. Collection assessment is likely to be most accurate and produce the most useful results when combinations of client-centered and collection-centered techniques, including both quantitative and qualitative results are employed in the data gathering and description process.
有些方法是不可或缺的而且應該一貫地使用,雖然另一些在某些情況下是寶貴的,且不總是必要的。它相當於個別的處理、選擇評估的方法,將會用於每個部分的館藏。這個決定是以可利用的資料、工作人員和其他提供可用的,以及為了最後結果的目標為基礎(如何將它用於圖書館/機構)。可用於評估館藏的方法可分為兩類:那些主要是以館藏為中心和以使用者為中心。以館藏為中心的方法,審查內容和獨特的資訊資源,為了確定大小、年齡、範圍和館藏的深度來跟外面的標準做比較。以使用者為中心的方法描述了如何使用館藏和指出館藏有效的相關使用。館藏評估很可能是最準確和產生最有用的結果,當結合了以使用者為中心和以館藏為中心的方法,包括量和質的結果是從事於資料收集和描述過程。
- Quantitative Measures
Quantitative measures reveal size, age, use, costs and other numeric data. Examples of quantitative measures include inventory, or shelf list measures to determine actual title or volume counts, by segment or subject area. Median age or similar measures indicate the currency of the materials. Amount expended for acquisitions in a segment or subject area per year illustrates the ongoing commitment to develop that area. Percentage of titles owned by a
library when compared to a standard list shows the breadth and depth of the collection. Use statistics (including internal library use and ILL) are both collection and client-centered.
量的測量
量的測量顯示出大小、年齡、使用、費用和其他數字的資料。測量的例子包括存貨,或架子上名單的計量,以確定實際名稱或卷數,藉由部分或主題領域。中間的年齡或類似的測量表明了材料的流通。為了獲得每年花費在部分或主題領域,說明了不斷致力於開發這個領域。部分的所有權是圖書館擁有的,當跟一個標準的目錄比較,顯示館藏的廣度和深度。使用統計(包括內部使用和圖書館館際互借)都收集和以使用者為中心。
- Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures are obtained through subjective evaluation and involve the professional judgment of librarians, appraisal from subject experts, or the opinion of customers. These techniques include impressions of the condition, character and appropriateness of a section of the collection. Another qualitative technique is the judgment made by comparison of one subject in the collection to a similar subject in another library, or to a subject bibliography.
質的測量
質的測量透過主觀評價和涉及專業判斷的圖書館館員,學科專家的評價,或是使用者的意見。這些方法包括環境的影響、特性和適合的部分館藏。另一個定質的方法是跟另一個圖書館在館藏內的學科中,比較相似的主題後所得到評價,或是跟一個主題書目來做比較。
F. Collection depth indicators
The collection depth indicators, or levels, are numerical values used to describe a library’s collecting activity and goals. Three aspects of collection management are considered: current collection level, acquisition commitment, and collection goal.
館藏深度指標
館藏深度指標或標準是數值,用來描述一個圖書館的館藏活動和目標。三個方面的館藏管理被認為是:目前的館藏標準、收購保證和館藏目標。
Collection depth indicator definitions (see Appendix 2):
館藏深度指標的定義(見附錄2):
0 = out of scope
1 = minimal information level
2 = basic information level
3 = study or instructional support level
4 = research level
5 = comprehensive level
0 = 超過範圍
1 = 最低資料標準
2 = 基本的資料標準
3 = 研究或教學的支持標準
4 = 研究標準
5 = 綜合標準
G. Language codes (RLG)
E: English language material predominates; little or no foreign language material is in the collection.
F: Selected foreign language material included in addition to the English material.
W: Wide selection of material in all applicable languages. No programmatic decision is made to restrict materials according to language.
Y: Material is primarily in one foreign language. The overall focus is on collecting material in the vernacular of the area.
語言代碼(RLG)
E:英語資料佔優勢;館藏中很少或根本沒有外國語言的資料。
F:選擇包括國外的語言資料除了英文資料之外。
W:種類繁多的資料在所有適用的語言中。沒有作出有計劃的決定,依據語言去限制資料。
Y:資料主要是在一門外國的語言。全部的重點則是在本地的館藏資料。
H. Language codes (WLN)
P: Primary language of the country predominates --- little or no other language material
S: Selected other language material included in addition to the primary language
W: Wide selection of languages represented
X: Material is mainly in one language other than the primary language of the library and country
語言代碼(WLN)
P:主要語言的國家佔主導地位---很少或根本沒有其他語言的資料
S:選擇包括其他語言資料除了主要的語言
W:廣泛選擇代表的語言
X:資料主要是用一種語言,除了圖書館和國家主要的語言
I. Policy implementation and revision timetables
政策的執行和修訂時間表
This describes the process for implementation, timetable for revision and other official adoption issues and introduces the notion of control.
這描述執行的過程,修訂的時間表和其他正式通過的議題,並介紹控制的概念。
Control
•Check the regular and pertinent application of the collection development policy on future acquisitions
•Call into question standing orders and subscriptions; thus apply retrospectively current policy standards on existing collections and relegate documents not fulfilling updated objectives.
控制
•定期檢查和相關應用的館藏發展政策在未來的收購上
•質疑長期訂購和訂閱,因此適用於追溯現行政策標準對現有的館藏和淘汰文件沒有實現更新的目標。
Revision
•Re-examine the policy text at a frequency to be determined in order to detect insufficiencies and integrate new needs or recent modifications such as budget cuts, new curricula, etc.
修訂
•重新檢查政策主題的頻率來確定,為了找出哪裡不適當,並結合新的需求或是最近的修改,如削減預算、新的課程等等。
E. Collection evaluation methods
館藏評價方法
The techniques and processes used to gather data for collection assessment are briefly described below. The data ideally describe in a succinct fashion the strength and depth of existing collections and provide a basis on which to assign collection levels.
館藏評估的方法和步驟用於收集資料的簡要說明如下。理想的資料描述在一個簡潔的方式、現存館藏的強度和深度和提供一個基礎去分配館藏的標準。
Some techniques are essential and should be used consistently, while others are valuable under certain circumstances and not always necessary. It is up to the individual conducting the evaluation to select the methods, which will be used for each segment of the collection. This decision is based upon the availability of data, the amount of staff and other support available, and the goal for the final outcome (how it will be used in the library/institution). The techniques available for evaluating collections may be divided into two groups: those that are primarily collection-centered and those that are client-centered. Collection-centered techniques examine the content and characteristics of the information resources in order to determine the size, age, scope and depth of the collection in comparison to an external standard. Client-centered techniques describe how the collection is used and indicate the effectiveness of the collection relative to use. Collection assessment is likely to be most accurate and produce the most useful results when combinations of client-centered and collection-centered techniques, including both quantitative and qualitative results are employed in the data gathering and description process.
有些方法是不可或缺的而且應該一貫地使用,雖然另一些在某些情況下是寶貴的,且不總是必要的。它相當於個別的處理、選擇評估的方法,將會用於每個部分的館藏。這個決定是以可利用的資料、工作人員和其他提供可用的,以及為了最後結果的目標為基礎(如何將它用於圖書館/機構)。可用於評估館藏的方法可分為兩類:那些主要是以館藏為中心和以使用者為中心。以館藏為中心的方法,審查內容和獨特的資訊資源,為了確定大小、年齡、範圍和館藏的深度來跟外面的標準做比較。以使用者為中心的方法描述了如何使用館藏和指出館藏有效的相關使用。館藏評估很可能是最準確和產生最有用的結果,當結合了以使用者為中心和以館藏為中心的方法,包括量和質的結果是從事於資料收集和描述過程。
- Quantitative Measures
Quantitative measures reveal size, age, use, costs and other numeric data. Examples of quantitative measures include inventory, or shelf list measures to determine actual title or volume counts, by segment or subject area. Median age or similar measures indicate the currency of the materials. Amount expended for acquisitions in a segment or subject area per year illustrates the ongoing commitment to develop that area. Percentage of titles owned by a
library when compared to a standard list shows the breadth and depth of the collection. Use statistics (including internal library use and ILL) are both collection and client-centered.
量的測量
量的測量顯示出大小、年齡、使用、費用和其他數字的資料。測量的例子包括存貨,或架子上名單的計量,以確定實際名稱或卷數,藉由部分或主題領域。中間的年齡或類似的測量表明了材料的流通。為了獲得每年花費在部分或主題領域,說明了不斷致力於開發這個領域。部分的所有權是圖書館擁有的,當跟一個標準的目錄比較,顯示館藏的廣度和深度。使用統計(包括內部使用和圖書館館際互借)都收集和以使用者為中心。
- Qualitative Measures
Qualitative measures are obtained through subjective evaluation and involve the professional judgment of librarians, appraisal from subject experts, or the opinion of customers. These techniques include impressions of the condition, character and appropriateness of a section of the collection. Another qualitative technique is the judgment made by comparison of one subject in the collection to a similar subject in another library, or to a subject bibliography.
質的測量
質的測量透過主觀評價和涉及專業判斷的圖書館館員,學科專家的評價,或是使用者的意見。這些方法包括環境的影響、特性和適合的部分館藏。另一個定質的方法是跟另一個圖書館在館藏內的學科中,比較相似的主題後所得到評價,或是跟一個主題書目來做比較。
F. Collection depth indicators
The collection depth indicators, or levels, are numerical values used to describe a library’s collecting activity and goals. Three aspects of collection management are considered: current collection level, acquisition commitment, and collection goal.
館藏深度指標
館藏深度指標或標準是數值,用來描述一個圖書館的館藏活動和目標。三個方面的館藏管理被認為是:目前的館藏標準、收購保證和館藏目標。
Collection depth indicator definitions (see Appendix 2):
館藏深度指標的定義(見附錄2):
0 = out of scope
1 = minimal information level
2 = basic information level
3 = study or instructional support level
4 = research level
5 = comprehensive level
0 = 超過範圍
1 = 最低資料標準
2 = 基本的資料標準
3 = 研究或教學的支持標準
4 = 研究標準
5 = 綜合標準
G. Language codes (RLG)
E: English language material predominates; little or no foreign language material is in the collection.
F: Selected foreign language material included in addition to the English material.
W: Wide selection of material in all applicable languages. No programmatic decision is made to restrict materials according to language.
Y: Material is primarily in one foreign language. The overall focus is on collecting material in the vernacular of the area.
語言代碼(RLG)
E:英語資料佔優勢;館藏中很少或根本沒有外國語言的資料。
F:選擇包括國外的語言資料除了英文資料之外。
W:種類繁多的資料在所有適用的語言中。沒有作出有計劃的決定,依據語言去限制資料。
Y:資料主要是在一門外國的語言。全部的重點則是在本地的館藏資料。
H. Language codes (WLN)
P: Primary language of the country predominates --- little or no other language material
S: Selected other language material included in addition to the primary language
W: Wide selection of languages represented
X: Material is mainly in one language other than the primary language of the library and country
語言代碼(WLN)
P:主要語言的國家佔主導地位---很少或根本沒有其他語言的資料
S:選擇包括其他語言資料除了主要的語言
W:廣泛選擇代表的語言
X:資料主要是用一種語言,除了圖書館和國家主要的語言
I. Policy implementation and revision timetables
政策的執行和修訂時間表
This describes the process for implementation, timetable for revision and other official adoption issues and introduces the notion of control.
這描述執行的過程,修訂的時間表和其他正式通過的議題,並介紹控制的概念。
Control
•Check the regular and pertinent application of the collection development policy on future acquisitions
•Call into question standing orders and subscriptions; thus apply retrospectively current policy standards on existing collections and relegate documents not fulfilling updated objectives.
控制
•定期檢查和相關應用的館藏發展政策在未來的收購上
•質疑長期訂購和訂閱,因此適用於追溯現行政策標準對現有的館藏和淘汰文件沒有實現更新的目標。
Revision
•Re-examine the policy text at a frequency to be determined in order to detect insufficiencies and integrate new needs or recent modifications such as budget cuts, new curricula, etc.
修訂
•重新檢查政策主題的頻率來確定,為了找出哪裡不適當,並結合新的需求或是最近的修改,如削減預算、新的課程等等。
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